FAA Part 107 Study Guide: Pass Your Drone License Test Fast

⚠️ Disclaimer

While this study guide is designed to help you better understand the topics covered in the FAA Part 107 Remote Pilot Certificate exam, we do not guarantee a passing score or claim that the information provided is fully comprehensive or up-to-date with the latest regulations.

All information shared is based on publicly available FAA materials, personal insights, and general best practices. You are strongly encouraged to cross-reference this guide with the official FAA documentation and trusted training resources before taking the test.

FAA Study Guide

I. Core Regulations and Definitions

1. Applicability of 14 CFR Part 107:

Scope: Understand what operations and aircraft Part 107 applies to (civil sUAS registration, airman certification, operation within the U.S., and operations over human beings). *

Exclusions: Identify specific operations that Part 107 does not apply to (e.g., air carrier operations, certain hobby/recreational flights, Part 91 operations with airworthiness certificates, operations under Section 333 exemptions). *

Interaction with other parts: Recognize how Part 107 interacts with other CFR parts, particularly Part 91 (for foreign-registered aircraft or certain authorizations) and Part 21 (for Category 4 operations over human beings).

2. Key Definitions (from § 107.3 and AC 107-2):

  • Small unmanned aircraft (small UA)
  • Small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS)
  • Control station
  • Corrective lenses
  • Declaration of compliance
  • Unmanned aircraft
  • Visual observer (VO)
  • Remote pilot in command (Remote PIC or Remote Pilot)
  • Person manipulating the controls
  • Model aircraft (and the criteria for operating under Part 101 Subpart E)

3. General Regulatory Requirements (§ 107.5, § 107.7, § 107.9): * Falsification/Alteration: Understand the consequences of making false statements or altering certificates/records.

Inspection & Compliance: Know the requirements for presenting certificates, identification, documents, and allowing inspections/tests by the Administrator or law enforcement. 

Safety Event Reporting: Identify the criteria for mandatory accident reporting to the FAA (serious injury or property damage exceeding thresholds). Know the reporting timeline and information required.

II. Operating Rules (Subpart B & D)

1. Remote Pilot & Crewmember Responsibilities: 

Remote Pilot in Command (Remote PIC): Final authority, direct responsibility for safe operation, ensuring compliance, and ability to direct the small UA. 

Medical Condition: Prohibition on operating if a physical or mental condition interferes with safe operation. 

Persons Manipulating Controls: Requirements for supervision and immediate control by the Remote PIC. 

Visual Observer (VO): Optional use, communication requirements, and coordination duties. 

Operating Multiple sUAS: General prohibition.

Alcohol & Drugs: Compliance with §§ 91.17 and 91.19 (8 hours bottle-to-throttle, BAC, etc.). Consequences of violations.

2. Flight Operations & Limitations: 

Condition for Safe Operation: Requirement to check sUAS condition before each flight and discontinue unsafe operations. 

Visual Line of Sight (VLOS): Unaided vision (except corrective lenses), continuous VLOS, and what constitutes a permissible brief loss of sight. 

Night Operations: Requirements for Remote PIC training/knowledge test completion after April 2021, and lighted anti-collision lighting (visibility and flash rate). Civil twilight definition. 

Operating from Moving Vehicles/Aircraft: Restrictions and exceptions (sparsely populated area, no compensation/hire from moving land/water vehicle; prohibited from moving aircraft).

Hazardous Operation: Prohibited careless/reckless operation and dropping objects to create undue hazard.

Carriage of Hazardous Material: General prohibition. 

Operating Limitations (§ 107.51):

  • Maximum groundspeed (87 knots/100 mph).
  • Altitude limitations (400 feet AGL, or within 400 feet radius of a structure and 400 feet above its uppermost limit).
  • Minimum flight visibility (3 statute miles).
  • Minimum cloud clearance (500 feet below, 2,000 feet horizontal). 

Prohibition of ATC Transponder/ADS-B Out: Unless authorized by Administrator.

3. Airspace and Airport Operations:

Right-of-Way Rules: Yield to all aircraft, airborne vehicles, and launch/reentry vehicles; avoid collision hazards. 

Airspace Authorization: Requirements for prior authorization from ATC for Class B, C, D, and surface area of Class E airspace.

Vicinity of Airports: Prohibition on interfering with operations and traffic patterns. 

Prohibited/Restricted Areas: Requirements for permission from controlling agency. 

Flight Restrictions (NOTAMs): Compliance with §§ 91.137 through 91.145 and 99.7. 

Preflight Familiarization (§ 107.49): Assessment of operating environment (weather, airspace, persons/property, hazards), informing participants, checking control links, power, and secure objects. Specific requirements for operations over human beings.

4. Operations Over Human Beings (Subpart D): 

Categories of Operation: Understand the requirements for Category 1, 2, 3, and 4 operations over human beings. 

Kinetic Energy Limits: Specific impact kinetic energy limits for Category 2 (11 ft-lbs) and Category 3 (25 ft-lbs) small UAs. 

Exposed Rotating Parts: Prohibition in Categories 1, 2, and 3.

Open-Air Assemblies: Restrictions for Categories 1, 2, 3, and 4. 

Closed- or Restricted-Access Sites: Conditions for Category 3 operations. 

Labeling: Remote PIC responsibility for labeling in Categories 2 and 3 if original label is missing/damaged. 

Airworthiness Certificate: Requirement for Category 4 operations (Part 21). 

  • Maintenance for Category 4: Owner/operator responsibilities, record retention, and compliance with Parts 43 and 91 Subpart E. 
  •  Operations over Moving Vehicles: Conditions, including remaining within closed-access site or not sustained flight for Cat 1-3. Specific Part 21 airworthiness for Cat 4. 
  • Declaration of Compliance (DoC): Purpose, required information, FAA acceptance, and rescission process.
  • Means of Compliance (MoC): Purpose, required information, FAA acceptance, and rescission.
  • Record Retention: Requirements for DoC and MoC supporting information.

III. Remote Pilot Certification (Subpart C)

1. Eligibility Requirements (§ 107.61):

  • Age (16 years old).
  • English language proficiency (read, speak, write, understand).
  • Medical condition (no interference with safe operation).
  • Aeronautical knowledge demonstration (initial knowledge test or Part 61 pilot training).

2. Issuance of Certificate (§ 107.63, § 107.64):

  • Application process (online vs. paper).
  • Evidence of knowledge (test report or training completion).
  • Temporary certificate.
  • Security disqualification by TSA.

3. Recurrent Knowledge & Training (§ 107.65, § 107.73, § 107.74):

  • Recency requirements (within 24 calendar months).
  • Options: recurrent knowledge test or recurrent training (for Part 61 pilots).
  • Areas of knowledge covered in initial test and recurrent training/test.

4. Knowledge Tests & Conduct (§ 107.67, § 107.69, § 107.71):

  • General procedures, identification requirements, passing grades.
  • Prohibited conduct (cheating, unauthorized actions) and consequences (denial, suspension, revocation, prohibition from testing).
  • Retesting after failure (14 calendar days).

5. Offenses & Refusal to Test (§ 107.57, § 107.59): 

  • Consequences for convictions involving drugs/alcohol.
  • Consequences for refusal to submit to alcohol test or furnish results.

6. Administrative Procedures (§ 107.77, § 107.79):

  • Change of name/address.
  • Voluntary surrender of certificate.

IV. Waivers (Subpart E)

1. Waiver Policy and Requirements (§ 107.200): 

  • Criteria for issuance (safe operation under waiver terms).
  • Application content (description of operation, justification of safety).
  • Additional limitations.
  • Compliance with waiver conditions.

2. List of Waivable Regulations (§ 107.205):

  • Be able to identify which Part 107 regulations are subject to waiver and which have explicit non-waivable conditions (e.g., carriage of property for compensation/hire from moving vehicle/aircraft, VLOS for carriage of property).

V. Aeronautical Knowledge (as per ACS and Study Guide)

1. Aerodynamics and Performance: 

Weight & Balance: Effects of loading changes (takeoff speed, run, rate of climb, altitude, range, speed, maneuverability, stalling speed, approach/landing speed/roll). Importance of CG. 

Stability: Definition, relationship to maneuverability and controllability. 

Load Factors: Definition (Gs), relationship to lift and weight, increase in steep turns, and effect on stalling speed.

Determining Performance: Use of manufacturer data, impact of density altitude, temperature, humidity, and wind.

2. Weather: 

Sources: METAR, TAF, ASOS/AWOS, NWS Aviation Weather Center, Flight Service (1800wxbrief).

Interpretation: Understand METAR and TAF formats, common abbreviations and descriptors.

Effects on sUAS Performance: Density altitude, wind (gusts, obstructions, mountainous regions, wind shear, microbursts), atmospheric stability (inversions), temperature/dew point, clouds (cumulonimbus, lenticular), fronts, structural icing, thunderstorm life cycle (cumulus, mature, dissipating stages), ceiling, and visibility.

3. Crew Resource Management (CRM) & Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM):

ADM Principles: Systematic approach to decision-making, identifying hazardous attitudes, stress management, risk assessment skills, using resources, evaluating ADM skills.

CRM: Effective use of human resources, hardware, information; team environment, communication, task management.

Hazard & Risk: Definitions, risk matrix (severity, likelihood, acceptance levels: unacceptable, acceptable, acceptable with mitigation).

Hazardous Attitudes & Antidotes: Anti-authority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, resignation.

Risk Management Tools: IMSAFE checklist (Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, Emotion), PAVE checklist (Pilot-in-Command, Aircraft, enVironment, External pressures), 3P model (Perceive, Process, Perform) with CARE (Consequences, Alternatives, Reality, External factors) and TEAM (Transfer, Eliminate, Accept, Mitigate).

Situational Awareness: Accurate perception and understanding of all factors, obstacles (fatigue, stress, workload overload).

Workload Management: Planning, prioritizing, sequencing tasks.

4. Physiological Factors:

Hyperventilation: Symptoms and treatment.

Stress & Fatigue: Acute vs. chronic, effects on performance, prevention.

Dehydration & Heatstroke: Causes, symptoms, prevention.

Drugs & Alcohol: Regulations (8-hour rule, BAC .04%), effects on performance, over-the-counter medications, self-assessment (IMSAFE).

Vision: Scanning techniques, effects of night operations and illusions.

5. Airport Operations & Communications:

Types of Airports: Towered vs. non-towered, civil, military/federal, private.

Sources for Airport Data: Aeronautical charts (sectional, VFR terminal area), Chart Supplement U.S. (formerly Airport/Facility Directory), NOTAMs, ATIS.

Air Traffic Control (ATC): Primary purpose (prevent collisions, expedite traffic), additional services, limitations.

Communication Procedures: General radio etiquette, CTAF, UNICOM, MULTICOM, self-announce broadcasts.

Aircraft Call Signs: "N" numbers, manufacturer/model, airline calls.

Airport Markings/Signage & Traffic Patterns: Awareness for safe integration.

Security Identification Display Areas (SIDA): General awareness.

Wildlife Hazards: Avoiding and reporting strikes.

Antenna Towers: Awareness of heights, guy wires, and avoidance.

6. Maintenance & Inspection Procedures:

Basic Maintenance: Scheduled vs. unscheduled, following manufacturer instructions, recordkeeping benefits.

Preflight Inspection: Importance, manufacturer procedures, or self-developed checklist. Key items to inspect (structure, controls, propulsion, energy, avionics, attachments, GPS, compass).

Mitigating Mechanical Failures: Battery handling (charging, usage, fire risks).

Night Operations Preflight: Specific considerations.

Quiz: 14 CFR Part 107 and Related FAA Guidance

Instructions: Answer each question in 2-3 sentences.

  1. What are the key criteria that would require a remote pilot in command to report an sUAS accident to the FAA?
  2. Explain the visual line of sight (VLOS) requirement for small unmanned aircraft operations. What is the role of corrective lenses?
  3. What are the two primary requirements for operating a small unmanned aircraft system at night under Part 107?
  4. Describe the general conditions under which a small unmanned aircraft may operate from a moving land or water-borne vehicle. Are there any operations specifically prohibited from a moving vehicle?
  5. What are the minimum flight visibility and cloud clearance requirements for operating a small unmanned aircraft system?
  6. Briefly explain the difference in kinetic energy limits between Category 2 and Category 3 operations over human beings.
  7. What is the purpose of a Declaration of Compliance (DoC) for Category 2 or 3 operations, and who is responsible for submitting it?
  8. According to Part 107, what is the age requirement to be eligible for a remote pilot certificate with a small UAS rating? What other basic eligibility criteria are there?
  9. Explain the "24 calendar months" recency requirement for a remote pilot certificate. How can a remote pilot satisfy this requirement?
  10. What is the primary purpose of Air Traffic Control (ATC) in the National Airspace System (NAS), and how does it relate to sUAS operations in controlled airspace?

Quiz Answer Key

  1. A remote pilot in command must report an sUAS accident to the FAA within 10 calendar days if it results in serious injury to any person (Level 3 or higher on the Abbreviated Injury Scale, requiring hospitalization but fully reversible) or damage to property, other than the small unmanned aircraft, exceeding $500 in repair cost or fair market value if a total loss.
  2. The VLOS requirement mandates that the remote pilot in command, visual observer (if used), and person manipulating flight controls must be able to see the unmanned aircraft throughout the entire flight using unaided vision, except vision corrected by spectacles or contact lenses. This allows them to know its location, attitude, altitude, and direction, and to observe the airspace for hazards.
  3. For night operations, the remote pilot in command must have completed an initial knowledge test or training after April 6, 2021. Additionally, the small unmanned aircraft must have lighted anti-collision lighting visible for at least 3 statute miles with a sufficient flash rate to avoid collisions.
  4. A small unmanned aircraft system may be operated from a moving land or water-borne vehicle only if it is flown over a sparsely populated area and is not transporting another person's property for compensation or hire. Operation from a moving aircraft is strictly prohibited.
  5. The minimum flight visibility required, as observed from the control station, must be no less than 3 statute miles. The small unmanned aircraft must also be kept no less than 500 feet below clouds and no less than 2,000 feet horizontally from clouds.
  6. For Category 2 operations over human beings, the small unmanned aircraft must be designed to not cause injury equivalent to or greater than a transfer of 11 foot-pounds of kinetic energy upon impact. For Category 3 operations, the limit is more lenient, allowing up to 25 foot-pounds of kinetic energy upon impact.
  7. A Declaration of Compliance (DoC) is a record submitted to the FAA by an applicant that certifies a small unmanned aircraft conforms to the specific requirements for Category 2 or Category 3 operations over human beings. It ensures the aircraft is eligible and safe for such operations and is a prerequisite for FAA acceptance.
  8. To be eligible for a remote pilot certificate with a small UAS rating, a person must be at least 16 years of age. Other basic eligibility criteria include being able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language (with medical exceptions), and not having a physical or mental condition that would interfere with safe operation.
  9. To exercise the privileges of a remote pilot in command, a person must have satisfied the aeronautical knowledge recency requirement within the previous 24 calendar months. This can be accomplished by passing an initial or recurrent aeronautical knowledge test or, for Part 61 pilot certificate holders with a current flight review, by completing specific recurrent training.
  10. The primary purpose of ATC is to prevent collisions between aircraft and to organize and expedite the flow of air traffic. For sUAS operations, this means prior authorization from ATC is required to operate in controlled airspaces (Class B, C, D, and surface area of Class E) to ensure safe integration and prevent interference with manned aircraft operations.

Essay Format Questions

  1. Discuss the different categories of operations over human beings (Category 1, 2, 3, and 4) as defined in 14 CFR Part 107, Subpart D. Explain the key requirements and limitations for each category, including small unmanned aircraft eligibility, operational restrictions, and any necessary certifications or declarations.
  2. Analyze the role of Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) and Crew Resource Management (CRM) in ensuring the safe operation of small unmanned aircraft systems under Part 107. Describe at least three specific tools or concepts from ADM/CRM that a remote pilot in command could utilize during pre-flight planning and in-flight operations to mitigate risks.
  3. Explain the importance of understanding weather conditions for sUAS operations. Discuss how various weather phenomena (e.g., wind, temperature, density altitude, thunderstorms, and structural icing) can affect the performance and safe operation of a small unmanned aircraft.
  4. Detail the responsibilities of the remote pilot in command regarding the safe condition and preflight inspection of a small unmanned aircraft system. What are the potential consequences of failing to ensure the sUAS is in a condition for safe operation, and how does this relate to accident reporting requirements?
  5. Compare and contrast the process for obtaining and maintaining a Remote Pilot Certificate with a sUAS rating for an applicant who does not hold a Part 61 pilot certificate versus an applicant who does. Include details on initial knowledge/training requirements and recurrent recency requirements for both paths.

Glossary of Key Terms

14 CFR Part 107: Federal Aviation Regulations governing the operation and certification of small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) within the United States.

Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS): An anatomical scoring system used by emergency medical personnel to rank the severity of an injury on a scale of 1 to 6. Level 3 or higher indicates a "serious injury" for accident reporting purposes.

Advisory Circular (AC): A type of FAA publication that provides guidance, information, or a method for complying with regulatory requirements, but is not, in itself, regulatory.

Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM): A systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances in aviation.

Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM): An FAA publication that provides pilots with a basic knowledge of the National Airspace System, aviation safety, and general aviation information.

Aeronautical Knowledge Test: A standardized written examination required for obtaining a remote pilot certificate, covering various areas of knowledge relevant to sUAS operations.

Air Traffic Control (ATC): A service provided by ground-based air traffic controllers who direct aircraft movements to prevent collisions and expedite traffic flow.

Airman Certification Standards (ACS): An FAA document that defines the aeronautical knowledge, risk management, and flight proficiency standards for various pilot certificates, including the Remote Pilot certificate.

Airworthiness Certificate: A certificate issued by the FAA to an aircraft that has been found to meet the requirements for safe flight. Required for Category 4 operations over human beings.

Alcohol or Drugs (Prohibition): Regulations preventing a person from manipulating flight controls, or acting as remote PIC or VO, if they have consumed alcohol within 8 hours, are under its influence, have a BAC of .04% or greater, or are using drugs that affect their faculties.

Altitude Limitations: Part 107 restricts small unmanned aircraft to 400 feet Above Ground Level (AGL), unless flown within a 400-foot radius of a structure and no higher than 400 feet above the structure's uppermost limit.

Anti-collision Lighting: Required for night operations, visible for at least 3 statute miles, with a flash rate sufficient to avoid a collision. Intensity can be reduced for safety.

Automated Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Out Prohibition: Small unmanned aircraft operated under Part 107 are prohibited from having ADS-B Out equipment in transmit mode, unless authorized by the Administrator.

Automated Terminal Information Service (ATIS): A continuous broadcast of recorded non-control information in busy terminal areas, including weather, active runways, and specific ATC procedures.

Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR): An observation of current surface weather reported in a standard international format, issued hourly or as a SPECI for significant changes.

Careless or Reckless Operation: Prohibited operation of a small unmanned aircraft system in a manner that endangers the life or property of another.

Category 1, 2, 3, 4 Operations: Defined categories for operating small unmanned aircraft over human beings, each with specific requirements regarding aircraft weight, design (e.g., kinetic energy limits, exposed rotating parts), labeling, and operational restrictions.

Center of Gravity (CG): The point at which the entire weight of an aircraft is assumed to be concentrated; its location significantly affects an aircraft's stability and control.

Certificate of Waiver (CoW): An authorization issued by the Administrator permitting a deviation from certain provisions of Part 107 if the proposed sUAS operation can be safely conducted under its terms.

Chart Supplement U.S.: A publication (formerly Airport/Facility Directory) providing comprehensive information on airports, heliports, and seaplane bases open to the public.

Civil Twilight: The period of time that begins 30 minutes before official sunrise and ends at official sunrise, and the period that begins at official sunset and ends 30 minutes after official sunset (except in Alaska).

Class B Airspace: Generally, airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation’s busiest airports; requires prior ATC authorization for sUAS operation.

Class C Airspace: Generally, airspace from the surface to 4,000 feet above airport elevation surrounding airports with operational control towers and radar approach control; requires prior ATC authorization for sUAS operation.

Class D Airspace: Generally, airspace from the surface to 2,500 feet above airport elevation surrounding airports with operational control towers; requires prior ATC authorization for sUAS operation.

Class E Airspace: The controlled airspace not classified as Class A, B, C, or D; sUAS operations typically do not need ATC authorization unless within the lateral boundaries of the surface area designated for an airport.

Class G Airspace (Uncontrolled Airspace): The portion of airspace that has not been designated as Class A, B, C, D, or E; sUAS operations do not need ATC authorization here.

Closed- or Restricted-Access Site: An area where all human beings are on notice that a small unmanned aircraft may fly over them, allowing for certain Category 3 operations over people.

Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF): A frequency designated for carrying out airport advisory practices at airports without operating control towers.

Condition for Safe Operation: Requirement for a small unmanned aircraft system to be in a safe operating state before and during flight; checked by the remote PIC prior to each flight.

Control Station (CS): An interface used by the remote pilot to control the flight path of the small unmanned aircraft.

Corrective Lenses: Spectacles or contact lenses used to correct vision, which are permitted aids for maintaining visual line of sight.

Crew Resource Management (CRM): A systematic approach to effective use of all available resources (human, hardware, information) to maximize team performance and ensure safe operations.

Declaration of Compliance (DoC): A record submitted to the FAA that certifies a small unmanned aircraft conforms to Category 2 or Category 3 requirements for operation over human beings.

Density Altitude: The altitude in the standard atmosphere corresponding to a particular value of air density; high density altitude reduces aircraft performance.

Emergency Procedures: Actions taken by the remote PIC in an unexpected and unforeseen situation requiring urgent action; deviation from Part 107 rules is permitted to meet an emergency, with reporting requirements.

Falsification, Reproduction, or Alteration: Prohibited actions related to certificates, ratings, authorizations, records, or reports, leading to potential denial, suspension, revocation, or civil penalties.

Fatigue: A state of tiredness that can degrade attention, concentration, coordination, and decision-making, posing a serious hazard to flight safety.

Flight Service Station (FSS): An air traffic facility that provides pilots with weather briefings, flight planning services, and other information related to aviation.

Flight Visibility: The average slant distance from the control station at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects by night. Minimum 3 statute miles for sUAS.

Glossary of Aeronautical Terms: A publication providing definitions of terms used in air traffic control and aviation.

Groundspeed: The speed of the aircraft relative to the ground; maximum of 87 knots (100 mph) for sUAS.

Hazard: A real or perceived condition, event, or circumstance that a pilot encounters, which could contribute to an undesired future event.

Hazardous Attitudes: Identified behavioral patterns (anti-authority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, resignation) that can interfere with sound decision-making in aviation.

Hazardous Material (Carriage Prohibition): Small unmanned aircraft are prohibited from carrying hazardous materials.

Human Factors: The science of understanding human capabilities and limitations, and applying this understanding to design systems and procedures for safe and effective human use in aviation.

Hyperventilation: Excessive rate and depth of respiration leading to abnormal loss of carbon dioxide from the blood, causing disturbing symptoms like lightheadedness and visual impairment.

IMSAFE Checklist: A mnemonic (Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, Emotion) used by pilots to self-assess their physical and mental readiness for flight.

In-Flight Emergency: An unexpected and unforeseen serious occurrence or situation during flight that requires urgent, prompt action, allowing for deviation from Part 107 rules.

Knowledge Test Report (KTR): A document received immediately after completing an FAA airman knowledge test, showing the score and indicating areas of deficiency.

Load Factor: The ratio of the total load supported by an aircraft's wings to the actual weight of the aircraft, expressed in Gs; increases during maneuvers like steep turns and affects stalling speed.

Maximum Groundspeed: The operating limitation that the small unmanned aircraft may not exceed 87 knots (100 miles per hour).

Means of Compliance (MoC): A detailed description of test, analysis, or inspection procedures used to demonstrate how a small unmanned aircraft meets the design requirements for Category 2 or Category 3 operations.

Medical Condition: A physical or mental condition that would interfere with the safe operation of a small unmanned aircraft system, prohibiting a person from acting as a remote PIC, VO, or person manipulating flight controls.

Microburst: A severe type of low-level wind shear associated with thunderstorms, characterized by intense downdrafts and strong horizontal wind shears, posing a significant hazard.

Military Operation Areas (MOAs): Airspace areas established for separating military training activities from IFR traffic; sUAS pilots should exercise caution when operating near them.

Minimum Cloud Clearance: Operating limitation requiring the small unmanned aircraft to be no less than 500 feet below clouds and no less than 2,000 feet horizontally from clouds.

Minimum Flight Visibility: Operating limitation requiring visibility from the control station to be no less than 3 statute miles.

National Airspace System (NAS): The common network of U.S. airspace, air navigation facilities, equipment, and services, including air traffic control and aviation weather services.

Night Operations: Operations conducted during the time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight. Requires specific lighting and remote PIC training/knowledge.

Notice to Airmen (NOTAM): Time-critical aeronautical information of a temporary nature or not sufficiently known in advance to permit publication on charts, disseminated immediately to ensure safety of flight.

Operations Over Human Beings: Specific regulations (Subpart D) allowing sUAS operations over people under certain conditions, categorized by the level of risk the sUAS poses.

Operations Over Moving Vehicles: Permitted under specific conditions, generally requiring operations over sparsely populated areas or adherence to Category 1-4 requirements.

PAVE Checklist: A mnemonic (Pilot, Aircraft, enVironment, External pressures) used in risk management to identify potential hazards during preflight planning.

Person Manipulating the Flight Controls: A person other than the remote PIC who is controlling the flight of an sUAS under the direct supervision of the remote PIC.

Physiological Factors: Medical or physical conditions (e.g., fatigue, stress, dehydration, hyperventilation, effects of drugs/alcohol) that can affect a remote pilot's performance and decision-making.

Preflight Familiarization, Inspection, and Actions: Required steps for the remote PIC before each flight, including assessing the operating environment, briefing crewmembers, and checking the sUAS.

Prohibited Areas: Airspace of defined dimensions within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited for security or national welfare reasons.

Property Transportation: Permitted under Part 107 for compensation or hire within state boundaries, but cannot be from a moving vehicle or aircraft, and no hazardous materials.

Recurrent Training/Knowledge Test: Required within 24 calendar months to maintain the recency of aeronautical knowledge and continue exercising remote pilot certificate privileges.

Remote Pilot Certificate with a Small UAS Rating: The FAA certificate required to operate a civil small unmanned aircraft system under Part 107.

Remote Pilot in Command (Remote PIC): The person holding a remote pilot certificate who has the final authority and responsibility for the operation and safety of an sUAS operation.

Restricted Areas: Airspace where operations are hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft and are subject to restrictions (e.g., artillery firing); requires authorization from the using/controlling agency.

Right-of-Way Rules: Regulations requiring a small unmanned aircraft to yield to all aircraft, airborne vehicles, and launch and reentry vehicles.

Risk: An assessment of the single or cumulative hazard facing a pilot, taking into account the likelihood of occurrence and severity of consequences.

Risk Management: A proactive process designed to identify safety-related hazards and mitigate associated risks.

Safety Event Reporting: Mandatory reporting to the FAA of sUAS accidents meeting specific injury or property damage thresholds.

Sectional Charts: Aeronautical charts widely used by pilots, providing detailed information on airport data, navigational aids, airspace, and topography.

Small Unmanned Aircraft (Small UA): An unmanned aircraft weighing less than 55 pounds on takeoff, including everything onboard or attached.

Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS): A small unmanned aircraft and its associated elements (control station, communication links) required for safe and efficient operation.

Sparselty Populated Area: An area with few or no human beings, often a condition for operating sUAS from moving land/water vehicles.

Special Use Airspace: Airspace where certain activities are confined, or limitations may be imposed on aircraft operations not part of those activities (e.g., prohibited, restricted, warning areas).

Structural Icing: Ice accumulation on the aircraft structure, occurring when flying through visible water at temperatures of 0°C or colder, which can severely degrade performance.

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF): A concise statement of the expected meteorological conditions significant to aviation for a specified time period within 5 statute miles of an airport.

Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR): Regulatory actions issued via NOTAM to restrict flight operations in a defined area for a specified time, often for safety or security reasons.

Traffic Patterns: Standardized flight paths used by aircraft when approaching or departing an airport, which sUAS pilots should be aware of to avoid interference.

Transponder Prohibition: Small unmanned aircraft operated under Part 107 are prohibited from operating with a transponder on, unless authorized by the Administrator.

Unmanned Aircraft (UA): An aircraft operated without the possibility of direct human intervention from within or on the aircraft.

Visual Line of Sight (VLOS): The requirement for the remote PIC (or VO) to maintain constant direct visual contact with the sUAS throughout its flight without the aid of any device other than corrective lenses.

Visual Observer (VO): A person designated by the remote PIC to assist in seeing and avoiding other air traffic or objects aloft or on the ground.

Waiver Policy: The FAA's process for allowing deviations from certain Part 107 regulations under specific safety justifications and conditions.

Warning Areas: Airspace extending outward from the U.S. coast containing activity potentially hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft; similar to restricted areas but without sole U.S. jurisdiction.

Weight and Balance (W&B): The condition of an aircraft concerning the distribution of its weight, which is critical for flight safety and performance.

Wind Shear: A sudden, drastic change in wind speed and/or direction over a very small area, which can significantly affect aircraft performance.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the key elements of Part 107 Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) regulations?

Part 107 of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) outlines comprehensive rules for the operation of civil small unmanned aircraft systems within the United States. It addresses three core areas: airman (remote pilot) certification, aircraft registration and marking, and sUAS operational limitations. This framework is a "regulatory first step" by the FAA to safely integrate sUAS into the National Airspace System (NAS). Key subparts include:

  • Subpart A (General): Covers applicability, definitions (e.g., small unmanned aircraft, remote pilot in command, visual observer, control station), and general compliance requirements such as falsification, inspection, and safety event reporting. It clarifies that Part 107 generally applies to civil sUAS operations, with specific exceptions like air carrier operations or operations conducted under Part 91 with an airworthiness certificate.
  • Subpart B (Operating Rules): Details the rules governing sUAS operations, including requirements for a remote pilot certificate, aircraft registration, conditions for safe operation, medical conditions, responsibilities of the remote pilot in command, emergency procedures, limitations on hazardous operations (e.g., careless/reckless operation, dropping objects), restrictions on operations from moving vehicles/aircraft, alcohol/drug prohibitions, night operations, visual line of sight (VLOS) requirements, visual observer duties, and limitations on operating multiple sUAS or carrying hazardous materials. It also covers rules for operating near other aircraft, in specific airspaces, and in proximity to airports or restricted areas.
  • Subpart C (Remote Pilot Certification): Prescribes the requirements for obtaining and maintaining a remote pilot certificate with a small UAS rating, including eligibility criteria (e.g., age, English proficiency, physical/mental condition), knowledge test requirements, and recurrent training/testing. It also addresses offenses related to alcohol or drugs and refusal to submit to testing.
  • Subpart D (Operations Over Human Beings): Specifies detailed eligibility and operating requirements for civil sUAS to operate over human beings or moving vehicles, categorizing operations (Category 1, 2, 3, and 4) based on risk and aircraft design. This subpart includes requirements for declarations of compliance and means of compliance for certain categories.
  • Subpart E (Waivers): Outlines the policy and requirements for obtaining a Certificate of Waiver (CoW) to deviate from specific regulations within Part 107 if the FAA determines the proposed operation can be conducted safely.

The intent of Part 107 is to provide a standardized approach to sUAS operations, promoting safety and efficiency within the NAS.

2. What are the general requirements for operating a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS)?

Operating an sUAS under Part 107 requires adherence to several general rules designed to ensure safety and compliance:

  • Remote Pilot Certificate: A person manipulating the flight controls or acting as a remote pilot in command (PIC) must possess a remote pilot certificate with a small UAS rating, issued under Subpart C of Part 107. Alternatively, a person without this certificate can operate the sUAS under the direct supervision of a remote PIC who can immediately take control.
  • Registration: All civil small unmanned aircraft systems intended for flight must be registered in accordance with 14 CFR Part 47 or Part 48.
  • Condition for Safe Operation: Before each flight, the remote PIC is responsible for checking the sUAS to ensure it is in a safe operating condition. Flight must cease if the system is no longer in a safe condition.
  • Medical Fitness: No person involved in the operation (remote PIC, visual observer, or person manipulating controls) may participate if they know or have reason to know of a physical or mental condition that would interfere with safe operation. This includes compliance with alcohol and drug prohibitions (e.g., no alcohol within 8 hours, blood alcohol concentration below 0.04%).
  • Remote Pilot in Command Responsibilities: A remote PIC must be designated for each flight and bears final authority and responsibility for the operation's safety. They must ensure the sUAS poses no undue hazard to people, aircraft, or property and complies with all applicable regulations. The remote PIC must have the ability to direct the sUAS to ensure compliance.
  • Visual Line of Sight (VLOS): The remote PIC, visual observer (if used), and person manipulating the flight controls must maintain VLOS of the sUAS throughout the entire flight using unaided vision (except corrective lenses). This is crucial for knowing the aircraft's location, attitude, altitude, direction, observing airspace for hazards, and ensuring the aircraft does not endanger others.
  • Inspection and Documentation: Remote PICs must have their remote pilot certificate and identification readily accessible and present it upon request from authorized personnel (FAA, NTSB, law enforcement, TSA). They must also make available any required documents, records, or reports.

These requirements collectively aim to establish a baseline of competence and responsibility for all sUAS operations.

3. What are the operational limitations for small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) regarding speed, altitude, visibility, and cloud clearance?

Part 107 sets specific operational limitations for sUAS to ensure safe integration into the National Airspace System (NAS):

  • Groundspeed: The sUAS may not exceed a groundspeed of 87 knots (100 miles per hour). Remote PICs can determine groundspeed through GPS devices, timed flights between fixed points accounting for wind, or manufacturer-installed speed limiters.
  • Altitude: The sUAS cannot be flown higher than 400 feet above ground level (AGL). An exception applies if the sUAS is flown within a 400-foot radius of a structure; in this case, it may not fly higher than 400 feet above the structure's immediate uppermost limit. Altitude can be determined using calibrated altitude reporting devices (subtracting MSL elevation of the control station from reported MSL altitude), GPS devices, or visual estimation using known heights of terrain/structures.
  • Minimum Flight Visibility: The minimum flight visibility, as observed from the location of the control station, must be no less than 3 statute miles (sm). This ensures the remote PIC can identify potential hazards.
  • Cloud Clearance: The sUAS must maintain a minimum distance from clouds of no less than 500 feet below the cloud and no less than 2,000 feet horizontally from the cloud. This prevents the sUAS from interfering with manned aircraft operations that may be operating within or near clouds.

These limitations are in place to support the remote pilot's ability to "see and avoid" other aircraft and ground hazards, ensuring a safe operating environment. Remote PICs are encouraged to obtain local aviation weather reports or use other reliable means to determine visibility and cloud clearances.

4. What are the rules for operating a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) over human beings?

Operations of sUAS over human beings are generally prohibited under Part 107, unless specific conditions are met, detailed in Subpart D. These conditions are categorized as follows:

  • Direct Participation or Protection: An sUAS can be operated over a human being if: that human being is directly participating in the operation of the sUAS (e.g., the remote PIC, visual observer, or crewmembers necessary for safety), that human being is located under a covered structure or inside a stationary vehicle that can provide reasonable protection from a falling sUAS.
  • Operational Categories (Category 1, 2, 3, 4): Operations over people can be conducted if they meet the requirements of one of four operational categories, which are differentiated by the level of risk posed by the sUAS and its design:
  • Category 1: For very light sUAS (0.55 pounds or less at takeoff) without exposed rotating parts that would lacerate human skin upon impact. No sustained flight over open-air assemblies of human beings.
  • Category 2: Requires the sUAS to be designed, produced, or modified to not cause injury equivalent to or greater than 11 foot-pounds of kinetic energy upon impact and have no exposed lacerating rotating parts. The sUAS must be listed on an FAA-accepted declaration of compliance and labeled as eligible for Category 2 operations. No sustained flight over open-air assemblies of human beings.
  • Category 3: Requires the sUAS to be designed, produced, or modified to not cause injury equivalent to or greater than 25 foot-pounds of kinetic energy upon impact and have no exposed lacerating rotating parts. Similar to Category 2, it must be listed on an FAA-accepted declaration of compliance and labeled. Operations over open-air assemblies of human beings are prohibited. Operations over individual human beings are allowed only if the operation is within a closed- or restricted-access site where all people are notified of potential overhead flight, or if sustained flight over any human being is avoided unless they are directly participating or under a protective structure/vehicle.
  • Category 4: Requires the sUAS to have an airworthiness certificate issued under 14 CFR Part 21 and be operated in accordance with its approved Flight Manual and operating limitations, which must not prohibit operations over human beings. These sUAS require specific maintenance and record-keeping procedures. No sustained flight over open-air assemblies of human beings unless specific regulatory requirements are met.
  • Operations Over Moving Vehicles: Similar category requirements apply, with additional stipulations such as remaining within or over a closed/restricted-access site with proper notice, or avoiding sustained flight over moving vehicles for Categories 1-3. Category 4 operations over moving vehicles require an airworthiness certificate and approved operating limitations.

Manufacturers or applicants must submit a "declaration of compliance" and "means of compliance" to the FAA for Category 2 and 3 sUAS to demonstrate they meet the injury kinetic energy and design requirements. Remote PICs are responsible for selecting appropriate operational areas and ensuring that operations comply with these rules to prevent undue risk to individuals on the ground.

5. What are the requirements for obtaining and maintaining a Remote Pilot Certificate with a small UAS rating?

To obtain a Remote Pilot Certificate with a small UAS (sUAS) rating, an applicant must meet specific eligibility criteria and demonstrate aeronautical knowledge:

  • Eligibility Requirements:
  • Be at least 16 years of age.
  • Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language (exceptions for medical reasons).
  • Not have a physical or mental condition that would interfere with the safe operation of an sUAS.
  • Pass an initial aeronautical knowledge test covering specific areas (e.g., regulations, airspace, weather, loading, emergency procedures, crew resource management, radio communications, physiological effects of drugs/alcohol, aeronautical decision-making, airport operations, maintenance, and night operation) at an FAA-approved knowledge testing center (KTC).
  • Alternatively, if holding a Part 61 pilot certificate (excluding student pilot) with a current flight review, complete an initial online training course covering sUAS knowledge areas.
  • Application Process:
  • Applicants typically apply online via the FAA's Integrated Airmen Certification and/or Rating Application (IACRA) system, submitting evidence of passing the knowledge test or completing the online training.
  • For those without a Part 61 certificate, the KTC proctor verifies identity.
  • For Part 61 certificate holders, an FAA-authorized individual (e.g., FSDO, DPE, ACR, or CFI) validates identity, course completion, and flight review.
  • A temporary certificate may be issued, followed by a permanent certificate after FAA internal processing and a TSA security screening.
  • Maintaining Recency (Recurrent Training/Testing): To continue exercising the privileges of the certificate, a remote pilot must accomplish one of the following within the previous 24 calendar months:
  • Pass a recurrent aeronautical knowledge test covering a reduced set of knowledge areas.
  • If a Part 61 pilot certificate holder with a current flight review, complete a recurrent online training course covering relevant sUAS knowledge.

Failure to meet the recency requirements means the remote pilot cannot exercise the privileges of their certificate until they pass the recurrent test or complete the recurrent training. Cheating on knowledge tests can lead to a one-year prohibition from applying for any certificate and potential suspension or revocation of existing certificates.

6. When is an accident involving an sUAS required to be reported to the FAA?

A remote pilot in command (PIC) must report an accident involving a small unmanned aircraft (sUAS) to the FAA no later than 10 calendar days after the operation if it meets either of the following criteria:

  1. Serious Injury or Loss of Consciousness: The operation results in at least serious injury to any person or any loss of consciousness. A serious injury is defined as an injury qualifying as Level 3 or higher on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). This includes injuries requiring hospitalization that are fully reversible, such as head trauma, broken bones, or lacerations requiring sutures.
  2. Property Damage: Damage to any property, other than the small unmanned aircraft itself, occurs, unless one of the following conditions is satisfied:
  • The cost of repair (including materials and labor) does not exceed $500.
  • The fair market value of the property does not exceed $500 in the event of total loss. For example, if an sUAS causes $600 in damage to property valued at $200, it would not need to be reported because the fair market value is below $500.

Reports can be submitted to the appropriate FAA Regional Operations Center (ROC) electronically (via faa.gov/uas/) or by telephone. The report should include details such as the remote PIC's name and contact information, FAA airman certificate number, sUAS registration number, location, date, and time of the accident, details on any persons injured and the extent of injury, property damaged and extent of damage, and a description of what happened. Additionally, certain sUAS accidents may also need to be reported to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) in accordance with their established criteria.

7. How does the FAA regulate airspace for sUAS operations, and what is the "see and avoid" responsibility?

The FAA regulates airspace to ensure the safe and efficient flow of all air traffic, including sUAS. Airspace is broadly categorized as regulatory and nonregulatory, with four main types: controlled, uncontrolled, special use, and other airspace areas.

  • Controlled Airspace (Class B, C, D, E): Operations in Class B, Class C, or Class D airspace, or within the lateral boundaries of the surface area of Class E airspace designated for an airport, require prior authorization from Air Traffic Control (ATC). This is because these areas are designed for controlled air traffic flow and often have specific equipage and communication requirements for manned aircraft. While sUAS are not subject to Part 91 (general operating and flight rules for manned aircraft), ATC authorization may depend on operational parameters similar to those in Part 91 to ensure safety. For recurring or long-term operations, a Letter of Agreement (LOA) with ATC may be established.
  • Uncontrolled Airspace (Class G): In most cases, ATC authorization is not required to operate in Class G airspace, which extends from the surface to the base of the overlying controlled airspace (usually Class E).
  • Special Use Airspace: This includes areas like Prohibited Areas (flight prohibited for national welfare/security), Restricted Areas (hazardous to non-participating aircraft, requiring authorization from the controlling agency), Warning Areas, Military Operation Areas (MOAs), Alert Areas, and Controlled Firing Areas. sUAS operators must be aware of and comply with restrictions in these areas.
  • Other Airspace Areas: This general category includes Military Training Routes (MTRs), Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs) issued via Notice to Airmen (NOTAMs), Parachute Jump Aircraft Operations, Published VFR routes, Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSAs), and National Security Areas (NSAs). Remote PICs are required to check for NOTAMs before each flight to be aware of any applicable airspace restrictions, including TFRs.
  • Operations Near Airports: While not always requiring ATC authorization outside controlled airspace, remote PICs are prohibited from operating an sUAS in a manner that interferes with operations and traffic patterns at any airport, heliport, or seaplane base. They should avoid operating in traffic patterns or published approach corridors used by manned aircraft.

"See and Avoid" Responsibility: A fundamental principle for all aircraft, including sUAS, is the "see and avoid" responsibility. The remote PIC must operate the small unmanned aircraft so that it remains clear of and yields the right-of-way to all other aircraft, airborne vehicles, and launch/reentry vehicles. This means giving way and not passing over, under, or ahead of other aircraft unless well clear. To achieve this, the remote PIC must: * Maintain visual line of sight (VLOS) of the sUAS at all times (unaided vision, except corrective lenses). * Know the location and flight path of their sUAS. * Be aware of other aircraft, persons, and property in the vicinity of the operating area. * Maneuver the sUAS to avoid a collision and prevent other aircraft from having to take action to avoid the sUAS.

The remote pilot in command, visual observer, and person manipulating the flight controls must maintain effective communication to scan the airspace for potential collision hazards and maintain awareness of the sUAS's position.

8. What are the key considerations for Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) and Crew Resource Management (CRM) in sUAS operations?

Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) and Crew Resource Management (CRM) are critical components of safe sUAS operations, emphasizing a systematic approach to decision-making and effective resource utilization.

Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM): ADM is the mental process pilots use to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances. It involves:

  • Identifying Hazardous Attitudes and Learning Behavior Modification: Recognizing psychological predispositions (e.g., anti-authority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, resignation) that can lead to poor decisions and actively counteracting them with appropriate "antidotes."
  • Recognizing and Coping with Stress: Understanding how acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) stress can impair judgment and taking steps to manage it, such as proper planning and relaxation techniques.
  • Developing Risk Assessment Skills: Proactively identifying hazards (real or perceived conditions/events) and assessing the associated risks based on the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of consequences. Tools like risk matrices are encouraged, and the FAA advocates reducing risk to as low as practicable.
  • Using Available Resources: Recognizing and effectively utilizing all available resources, including human resources (e.g., visual observers, other crew members), hardware, and information (e.g., weather briefings, ATC, FAA publications).
  • Evaluating ADM Effectiveness: Continuously assessing one's decision-making skills to ensure consistent safe outcomes, using tools like the IMSAFE checklist (Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, Emotion) and the PAVE checklist (Pilot, Aircraft, enVironment, External pressures) to evaluate fitness for flight and potential hazards.

Crew Resource Management (CRM): CRM focuses on maximizing team performance by making effective use of all available resources, particularly human resources. In the context of sUAS, this includes:

  • Effective Communication: Establishing clear and consistent communication procedures among the remote PIC, person manipulating controls, and any visual observers. This ensures that everyone is aware of the sUAS's flight status, any hazards, and can coordinate actions.
  • Task Management: Efficiently distributing and managing tasks among crew members to avoid workload overload, which can lead to errors. Enough crew members should be utilized to prevent any individual from becoming overwhelmed.
  • Situational Awareness: Maintaining an accurate perception and understanding of all relevant factors and conditions affecting safety before, during, and after the flight. This means not fixating on a single item but having an overview of the total operation, including the aircraft's geographical location and its operational state. Fatigue, stress, and work overload can hinder situational awareness.

The FAA encourages remote PICs to develop robust ADM and CRM practices, including comprehensive preflight familiarization and inspections, to enhance safety and mitigate risks in sUAS operations.

Back to blog